Semiconductor Electronics NCERT Solutions: Chapter 14

Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits is a crucial unit of the Physics syllabus. The chapter teaches various significant theories and concepts that acts as a foundation of many semiconductor devices. 

Students puzzled with the questions prescribed in the syllabus, must not worry much.

 

SimplyAcad is here to help you all the solutions at one place for consistent practice and revisions. To support students to boost their confidence and score well in their exams, the subject expert team has provided the best solutions. Go check below to find the answers of the same structure in an organised way to avoid any hindrance to a student’s learning experience.

 

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits Chapter 14

Question1. In an n-type silicon, which of the following statement is true:

(a) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are the dopants.

(b) Electrons are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are the dopants.

(c) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are the dopants.

(d) Holes are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are the dopants.

Solution :
The correct statement is (c).

In an n-type silicon, the electrons are the majority carriers, while the holes are the minority carriers. An n-type semiconductor is obtained when pentavalent atoms, such as phosphorus, are doped in silicon atoms.

Question2. Which of the statements given in Exercise 14.1 is true for p-type semiconductors.

Solution :
The correct statement is (d).

In a p-type semiconductor, the holes are the majority carriers, while the electrons are the minority carriers. A p-type semiconductor is obtained when trivalent atoms, such as aluminium, are doped in silicon atoms.

Question3. Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. These are characterised by valence and conduction bands separated by energy band gap respectively equal to (Eg)C, (Eg)Si and (Eg)Ge. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) (Eg)Si < (Eg)Ge < (Eg)C

(b) (Eg)C < (Eg)Ge > (Eg)Si

(c) (Eg)C > (Eg)Si > (Eg)Ge

(d) (Eg)C = (Eg)Si = (Eg)Ge

Solution :
The correct statement is (c).

Of the three given elements, the energy band gap of carbon is the maximum and that of germanium is the least.

The energy band gap of these elements are related as: (Eg)C > (Eg)Si > (Eg)Ge

Question4. In an unbiased p-n junction, holes diffuse from the p-region to n-region because

(a) free electrons in the n-region attract them.

(b) they move across the junction by the potential difference.

(c) hole concentration in p-region is more as compared to n-region.

(d) All the above.

Solution :
The correct statement is (c).

The diffusion of charge carriers across a junction takes place from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration. In this case, the p-region has greater concentration of holes than the n-region. Hence, in an unbiased p-n junction, holes diffuse from the p-region to the n-region.

Question5. When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it

(a) raises the potential barrier.

(b) reduces the majority carrier current to zero.

(c) lowers the potential barrier.

(d) None of the above.

Solution :
The correct statement is (c).

When a forward bias is applied to a p-n junction, it lowers the value of potential barrier. In the case of a forward bias, the potential barrier opposes the applied voltage. Hence, the potential barrier across the junction gets reduced.

6. For transistor action, which of the following statements are correct:

(a) Base, emitter and collector regions should have similar size and doping concentrations.

(b) The base region must be very thin and lightly doped.

(c) The emitter junction is forward biassed and the collector junction is reverse biassed.

(d) Both the emitter junction as well as the collector junction are forward biassed.

Solution :
The correct statement is (b), (c).

For a transistor action, the junction must be lightly doped so that the base region is very thin. Also, the emitter junction must be forward-biassed and the collector junction should be reverse-biassed.

Question7. For a transistor amplifier, the voltage gain

(a) remains constant for all frequencies.

(b) is high at high and low frequencies and constant in the middle frequency range.

(c) is low at high and low frequencies and constant at mid frequencies.

(d) None of the above.

Solution :
The correct statement is (c).

The voltage gain of a transistor amplifier is constant at mid frequency range only. It is low at high and low frequencies.

Question8. In half-wave rectification, what is the output frequency if the input frequency is 50 Hz. What is the output frequency of a full-wave rectifier for the same input frequency.

Solution :
Input frequency = 50 Hz

For a half-wave rectifier, the output frequency is equal to the input frequency.

∴Output frequency = 50 Hz

For a full-wave rectifier, the output frequency is twice the input frequency.

∴Output frequency = 2 × 50 = 100 Hz

Question9. For a CE-transistor amplifier, the audio signal voltage across the collected resistance of 2 kΩ is 2 V. Suppose the current amplification factor of the transistor is 100, find the input signal voltage and base current, if the base resistance is 1 kΩ.

Solution :
Collector resistance, RC = 2 kΩ = 2000 Ω

Audio signal voltage across the collector resistance, V = 2 V

Current amplification factor of the transistor, β = 100

Base resistance, RB = 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω

Input signal voltage = Vi

Base current = IB

We have the amplification relation as:

Voltage amplification = 

Therefore, the input signal voltage of the amplifier is 0.01 V.

Base resistance is given by the relation:

Therefore, the base current of the amplifier is 10 μA.

Question 10. Two amplifiers are connected one after the other in series (cascaded). The first amplifier has a voltage gain of 10 and the second has a voltage gain of 20. If the input signal is 0.01 volt, calculate the output ac signal.

Solution :
Voltage gain of the first amplifier, V1 = 10

Voltage gain of the second amplifier, V2 = 20

Input signal voltage, Vi = 0.01 V

Output AC signal voltage = Vo

The total voltage gain of a two-stage cascaded amplifier is given by the product of voltage gains of both the stages, i.e.,

V = V1 × V2

= 10 × 20 = 200

We have the relation:

V = Vo/Vi

V0 = V × Vi

= 200 × 0.01 = 2 V

Therefore, the output AC signal of the given amplifier is 2 V.

Question11. A $p$-$n$ photodiode is fabricated from a semiconductor with a band gap of \(2.8 \, \text{eV}\). Can it detect a wavelength of \(6000 \, \text{nm}\)? \section*

Solution The energy bandgap of the given photodiode is \(E_g = 2.8 \, \text{eV}\). The wavelength is given by: \[ \lambda = 6000 \, \text{nm} = 6000 \times 10^{-9} \, \text{m} \] We can find the energy of the photon using the formula: \[ E = \frac{h c}{\lambda} \] where: \[ h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \, \text{Js} \] \[ c = 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \] Substituting the values into the formula: \[ E = \frac{6.63 \times 10^{-34} \times 3 \times 10^8}{6000 \times 10^{-9}} \] \[ E = 3.315 \times 10^{-20} \, \text{J} \] Converting energy from Joules to electronvolts: \[ 1 \, \text{eV} = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{J} \] \[ E = \frac{3.315 \times 10^{-20}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19}} \] \[ E = 0.207 \, \text{eV} \] The energy of a photon with wavelength \(6000 \, \text{nm}\) is \(0.207 \, \text{eV}\), which is less than the \(2.8 \, \text{eV}\) band gap of the photodiode. Hence, the photodiode cannot detect this wavelength. \textbf{Final Answer: No} (The photon energy must be greater than the band gap \(E_g\) for detection.) 

Question12.  The number of silicon atoms per m3 is 5 × 1028. This is doped simultaneously with 5 × 1022 atoms per m3 of Arsenic and 5 × 1020 per m3 atoms of Indium. Calculate the number of electrons and holes. Given that ni= 1.5 × 1016 m−3. Is the material n-type or p-type?

Solution :
Number of silicon atoms, N = 5 × 1028 atoms/m3

Number of arsenic atoms, nAs = 5 × 1022 atoms/m3

Number of indium atoms, nIn = 5 × 1020 atoms/m3

Number of thermally-generated electrons, ni = 1.5 × 1016 electrons/m3

Number of electrons, ne = 5 × 1022 − 1.5 × 1016 ≈ 4.99 × 1022

Number of holes = nh

In thermal equilibrium, the concentrations of electrons and holes in a semiconductor are related as:

nenh = ni2

=

Therefore, the number of electrons is approximately 4.99 × 1022 and the number of holes is about 4.51 × 109. Since the number of electrons is more than the number of holes, the material is an n-type semiconductor.

Question13. In an intrinsic semiconductor, the energy gap \(E_g\) is \(1.2 \, \text{eV}\). Its hole mobility is much smaller than electron mobility and independent of temperature. What is the ratio between conductivity at \(600 \, \text{K}\) and that at \(300 \, \text{K}\)? Assume that the temperature dependence of intrinsic carrier concentration \(n_i\) is given by \[ n_i = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{E_g}{2 k_B T}\right) \] where \(n_0\) is a constant. \section*

{Solution} To find the intrinsic carrier concentration at \(300 \, \text{K}\): Given: \[ E_g = 1.2 \, \text{eV} \] \[ T_1 = 300 \, \text{K} \] \[ k_B = 8.62 \times 10^{-5} \, \text{eV/K} \] The intrinsic carrier concentration is given by: \[ n_i = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{E_g}{2 k_B T}\right) \] So, \[ n_{i1} = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{1.2}{2 \times 8.62 \times 10^{-5} \times 300}\right) \] \[ n_{i1} = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{1.2}{0.05172}\right) \] \[ n_{i1} = n_0 \exp(-23.20) \] \[ n_{i1} \approx n_0 \times 8.40 \times 10^{-11} \] To find the intrinsic carrier concentration at \(600 \, \text{K}\): Given: \[ T_2 = 600 \, \text{K} \] The intrinsic carrier concentration is given by: \[ n_i = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{E_g}{2 k_B T}\right) \] So, \[ n_{i2} = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{1.2}{2 \times 8.62 \times 10^{-5} \times 600}\right) \] \[ n_{i2} = n_0 \exp\left(-\frac{1.2}{0.05172 \times 2}\right) \] \[ n_{i2} = n_0 \exp(-11.60) \] \[ n_{i2} \approx n_0 \times 9.16 \times 10^{-6} \] To find the ratio between conductivity: The ratio between conductivity is equal to the ratio between the respective carrier concentrations at that temperature. \[ \frac{n_{i1}}{n_{i2}} = \frac{n_0 \times 8.40 \times 10^{-11}}{n_0 \times 9.16 \times 10^{-6}} \] \[ \frac{n_{i1}}{n_{i2}} \approx 1.09 \times 10^5 \] \textbf{Final answer:} \(1.09 \times 10^5\)

Question14. In a p-n junction diode, the current I can be expressed as

where I0 is called the reverse saturation current, V is the voltage across the diode and is positive for forward bias and negative for reverse bias, and I is the current through the diode, kBis the Boltzmann constant (8.6×10−5 eV/K) and T is the absolute temperature. If for a given diode I0 = 5 × 10−12 A and T = 300 K, then

(a) What will be the forward current at a forward voltage of 0.6 V?

(b) What will be the increase in the current if the voltage across the diode is increased to 0.7 V?

(c) What is the dynamic resistance?

(d) What will be the current if reverse bias voltage changes from 1 V to 2 V?

Solution :
In a p-n junction diode, the expression for current is given as:

Where,

I0 = Reverse saturation current = 5 × 10−12 A

T = Absolute temperature = 300 K

kB = Boltzmann constant = 8.6 × 10−5 eV/K = 1.376 × 10−23 J K−1

V = Voltage across the diode

(a) Forward voltage, V = 0.6 V

∴Current, I  =

Therefore, the forward current is about 0.0256 A.

(b) For forward voltage, V’ = 0.7 V, we can write: I’ = 

=

Hence, the increase in current, ΔI = I’ − I

= 1.257 − 0.0256 = 1.23 A

(c) Dynamic resistance  = Change in Voltage/Change in Current

= 0.7 – 0.6 / 1.23 = 0.081Ω

(d) If the reverse bias voltage changes from 1 V to 2 V, then the current (I) will almost remain equal to I0 in both cases. Therefore, the dynamic resistance in the reverse bias will be infinite.

Question15. You are given the two circuits as shown in Fig. 14.44. Show that circuit (a) acts as OR gate while the circuit (b) acts as AND gate.

Solution :
(a) A and B are the inputs and Y is the output of the given circuit. The left half of the given figure acts as the NOR Gate, while the right half acts as the NOT Gate. This is shown in the following figure.

Hence, the output of the NOR Gate =

This will be the input for the NOT Gate. Its output will be = A + B

∴Y = A + B

Hence, this circuit functions as an OR Gate.

(b) A and B are the inputs and Y is the output of the given circuit. It can be observed from the following figure that the inputs of the right half NOR Gate are the outputs of the two NOT Gates.

Hence, the output of the given circuit can be written as:

Hence, this circuit functions as an AND Gate.

Question16. Write the truth table for a NAND gate connected as given in Fig. 14.45.

Hence identify the exact logic operation carried out by this circuit.

Solution :
A acts as the two inputs of the NAND gate and Y is the output, as shown in the following figure.

Hence, the output can be written as:

The truth table for equation (i) can be drawn as:

This circuit functions as a NOT gate. The symbol for this logic circuit is shown as:

Question17. You are given two circuits as shown in Fig. 14.46, which consist of NAND gates. Identify the logic operation carried out by the two circuits.

Solution :
In both the given circuits, A and B are the inputs and Y is the output.

(a) The output of the left NAND gate will be as shown in the following figure.

Hence, the output of the combination of the two NAND gates is given as:

Hence, this circuit functions as an AND gate.

(b) is the output of the upper left of the NAND gate and is the output of the lower half of the NAND gate, as shown in the following figure.

Hence, the output of the combination of the NAND gates will be given as:

Hence, this circuit functions as an OR gate.

Question18. Write the truth table for the circuit given in Fig. 14.47 below consists of NOR gates and identify the logic operation (OR, AND, NOT) which this circuit is performing.

(Hint: A = 0, B = 1 then A and B inputs of the second NOR gate will be 0 and hence Y=1. Similarly work out the values of Y for other combinations of A and B. Compare with the truth table of OR, AND, NOT gates and find the correct one.)

Solution :
A and B are the inputs of the given circuit. The output of the first NOR gate is. It can be observed from the following figure that the inputs of the second NOR gate become the out put of the first one.

Hence, the output of the combination is given as:

The truth table for this operation is given as:

This is the truth table of an OR gate. Hence, this circuit functions as an OR gate.

Question19. Write the truth table for the circuits given in Fig. 14.48 consisting of NOR gates only. Identify the logic operations (OR, AND, NOT) performed by the two circuits.

Solution :
(a) A acts as the two inputs of the NOR gate and Y is the output, as shown in the following figure. Hence, the output of the circuit is.

The truth table for the same is given as:

This is the truth table of a NOT gate. Hence, this circuit functions as a NOT gate.

(b) A and B are the inputs and Y is the output of the given circuit. By using the result obtained in solution (a), we can infer that the outputs of the first two NOR gates are and as shown in the following figure.

and are the inputs for the last NOR gate. Hence, the output for the circuit can be written as:

The truth table for the same can be written as:

This is the truth table of an AND gate. Hence, this circuit functions as an AND gate.

Following are the questions prescribed for Semiconductor Electronics Chapter 14 according to the latest syllabus of the CBSE boards examinations. Prepare Yourself through consistent practice and learn the concepts of Semiconductor Electronics to score higher marks.